Here are two ways depending on whether GETDATE() returns the date you're interested in.  If it does you could use something like this

/* use GETDATE() to determine...

We're in now now

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRGCZh5A8T4

"How do you get the current date and time using T-SQL question that 20 out of 22 candidates couldn't answer before I stopped counting.  It's NOT a trick question,...

There's a documented process for submitting performance issues.  In the footer of Jeff Moden's forum posts there's a link.

Here's some code to test for what works

declare
  @number1 varchar(12)='121',
  @number2 varchar(12)='126';

select top(1) tp.number, tp.username
from (values ('4581265', 'J'), ('14121587', 'K')) tp(number, username)
where tp.number like '%'+@number1+'%'...

Could each user entered number be assigned to a different variable?   If you have number1 and number2 then something like this

select top(1) tp.number, tp.username, ...
from tb_phone tp
where...

Recall the hamburger analogy.  If the OP has eaten McDonalds before my gourmet burger is ready then they won't be hungry when it arrives.

That's not how long the SQL code takes to execute.  Tally based method would crush the OP's kludge especially as their test case is  spanning thousands of days.

19 minutes is...

Yes, sorry.  This is the preferred answer. ...

Here's another one.  It took 19 minutes vs 12 minutes for the rCTE.  There's no sample data and no time for making any up.  Hopefully the query is...

Here's another one.  It took 19 minutes vs 12 minutes for the rCTE.  There's no sample data and no time for making any up.  Hopefully the query is sound.  It...

Any time I've needed to populate a table of sequential numbers, I just done it by brute force. No recursion or fancy stuff. Remember the definition of place valued...

Here's a set of comparisons between fnNumbers and fnTally

Performance comparison of fnNumbers vs fnTally inserting 10x row counts (n=1,000)

Performance comparison of fnNumbers vs fnTally inserting 10x row counts...

Here are new Fiddles.  The old Fiddles were not in this more popular Fiddle.  There's more than one Fiddle FYI.

Performance comparison of fnNumbers vs fnNumbersRC inserting 10x row counts...

If you look at my answer count v.s. the number of points I have and the position I have on Stack Overflow, you'll see that quantity doesn't matter much...