Did you reboot the server after installing CU5?

That is a lot to bite off.  If you want basic IT, I'd recommend looking at getting your A+ certification.  If you want to specialize in servers, then I think...

One will return all of the columns and data from table1, the other will return nothing and just store the value 1 in the variable @num (presuming at least 1...

My opinion is that it depends.  Some tasks are good to do in a stored procedure or function, while others are better to do in your code.  It is a...

I could be wrong, but I am fairly certain that the data would hit server C.
Server C would be doing all of the data transforms which SSIS is usually...

You can.  That is actually how we have things running where I work.  I have SQL 2008 R2, 2012 and 2016 all running on the same box.

This may not be the most efficient method, but could you implement something like this:
DECLARE @date DATE = '2017-04-17';

SELECT
    CASE WHEN DATEPART(MONTH, @date) = DATEPART(MONTH,...

Instead of running "sp_addrolemember", try running
sp_addsrvrolemember <AD account>,'sysadmin'

I think your best bet is to follow something like this:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38995380/sql-server-how-to-attach-repair-a-detached-damaged-database

In the answer, steps 1 through 4 will get the database online but you will be...

I like a home made pizza with honey garlic sauce instead of tomato based, chicken, onoin, pineapple and tons of cheese added afterwards.
Family Pizza inspired that one for me...

Sorry, I skimmed over the MDS part of that.  My bad.
Have you looked at the MSDN articles on MDS's (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/master-data-services/overview-importing-data-from-tables-master-data-services)?  That should help lead you in the right...

Where is this information coming from?

I am assuming that "Databases_Leaf" is a list of databases that will be coming from an external source and not the internal set...

I know as the DBA where I work, if a script has errors when run, I run the rollback script and then contact the developer.  We have a "No script...

If the data in the table is changing frequently, the statistics should be updated frequently.

Basically the statistics are used to determine which plan should be used when performing...