If the secondary is not readable, you only need to purchase SA for the server.

Checkdb can certainly be performed on a secondary, and it's recommended to do it on a...

When you cloned the server and renamed the actual Windows server, did you rename the SQL Server also?

This article can help.  https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/database-engine/install-windows/rename-a-computer-that-hosts-a-stand-alone-instance-of-sql-server?view=sql-server-2017

I'm assuming by now...

I was going to actually take a few days...

Ok, but does this account have permissions to do this?

Here are a couple...

That's not possible.  You cannot have 2 clustered indexes on a table.  If the PK is...

Can you publish the script?

A key lookup occurs when the cardinality estimator does not have a better index than the primary key to use in the query plan.

The solution to this is to add...

This is part of the settings of the published object.  You need to specify if indexes and keys get replicated.

You can script out the creation of the indexes, and create...

So there is not middleware that would accept the old joins and translate them into new one?

Not that I am aware of. You are kind of stuck.  If it's any...

Based upon the example of the data you provided, what should that look like when it's finished?

And the Pirates have started the annual salary dump...

If you are starting a SQL Job, it will run on the server where the job is.  In your case, server B.  it will use whatever libraries it needs on...

Core based licensing is sold as a minimum of 4 cores.

If there are 10 cores in the server (that's a weird number of cores, BTW), and this is going to...

You can read these 2 articles that will help you complete this

https://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/cross-tabs-and-pivots-part-1-%e2%80%93-converting-rows-to-columns-1