Some of this stuff is going to be a bit above your level at this point, but two resources I would recommend you digest right now would be their CommonSQLServerMyths pdf. There's a lot of SQL Server - bluntly, some of it poor and/or downright dangerous, this is a good primer on some of the commonest "wisdom" to discount.
Also their accidental DBA advice posts from a couple of months back will be of value.
Plus, their bad advice rollup http://www.sqlskills.com/blogs/paul/category/bad-advice/
They also sell training courses on the Pluralsight, some links here. http://www.sqlskills.com/blogs/paul/new-online-course-detecting-and-correcting-database-corruption/ as well as any other training your company is providing you with, you should try and get them to swing for this as well IMO. (I am nothing to do with SQLSkills, btw and have no links with them).
http://www.brentozar.com is also a good resource - also provide excellent tools and free and paid for online training
I'm a DBA.
I'm not paid to solve problems. I'm paid to prevent them.