Getting closer, I think.... really should have heeded my professor's advice and used a smaller dataset, but anyway! I think this is right
SELECT ProtocolNo
, WeekNumber
, Goal
-- ADD RTGoal here
, SUM(GOAL) OVER (PARTITION BY ProtocolNo
ORDER BY WeekNumber
ROWS UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) AS CumulativeGoal
, NewEnrolls
-- ADD RTEnrolls here
, SUM(NewEnrolls) OVER (PARTITION BY ProtocolNo ORDER BY WeekNumber) AS CumulativeEnrolls
, NewEnrolls - Goal AS OverUnder
FROM
(
SELECT ProtocolNo
, eg.WeekNumber
, Goal
, COUNT(e_PatientID) AS NewEnrolls
FROM EnrollmentGoal eg
LEFT JOIN Enroll e ON eg.ProtocolNo = e.e_ProtocolNo
AND e.PWeek = eg.WeekNumber
GROUP BY ProtocolNo, eg.WeekNumber, Goal
) x;