On the subscribers, path C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\100\COM\replmerge.log

Ok, so it's synchronization timeouts.

The agent logs in the subscriber contain useful information. I would start from there.

It could be that some articles take longer to synchronize for some reason,...

Then I guess that you'll have to code it yourself.

Are you comfortable with PowerShell?

I have some examples here: http://spaghettidba.com/2015/04/20/tracking-table-usage-and-identifying-unused-objects/

It's a totally different problem, but the powershell script does...

This tool might be what you're looking for:

http://extendedtsqlcollector.codeplex.com/

It does the job and doesn't need in-depth knowledge of XE, other than defining the session and knowing which actions/fields are included.

There's a...

This tool might be what you're looking for:

https://www.sqlskills.com/blogs/jonathan/synchronize-availability-group-logins-and-jobs/

Timeout doing what? Synchronization?

Can you expand a bit or, even better, include an actual error message/portion of log file?

There is really no way to know in advance. Measure, capture, act accordingly.

It's a well know issue with SQL Server 2012, documented here: https://connect.microsoft.com/SQLServer/feedback/details/739013/failover-or-restart-results-in-reseed-of-identity

Basically, SQL Server 2012 pre-allocates identity columns 1000 at a time and every service restart determines a gap in...

No: in this case they will have the same values (that's why this operation is permitted, while adding an identity column afterwards is forbidden).

If you publish your table with an...

You can capture database growth events with an Extended Events session, along with the statement that caused the growth.

Something similar to this should do:

CREATE EVENT SESSION [DatabaseGrowth]

ON SERVER

ADD...

I'm not sure I'm following you.

Can you post a more articulate example?

What kind of dynamic sql are you trying to generate?

instance root directory = binaries

data root directory = root for other directories, such as default data folder, default log folder and other folders (logs et similia)

BTW, if you need to perform this operation, you will need to drop the article from the publication and add it back after adding the identity column.

Adding a column to an article is managed with a DDL command replicated at the subscribers. In this case it will be something along these lines:

ALTER TABLE SomeTable ADD SomeColumn...

The setup process lets you choose specific locations just for tempdb. If you want to move the system databases in a specific folder, you can do it after the setup...