Triggers always fire. There's no setting (other than disabling it) to stop a trigger from firing.
Try setting up an extended event session to see exactly what's happening and what,...

That looks like an index rebuild, and the maintenance plans do report Management Studio as their application.
Check maintenance plans. I bet you have an index maintenance job scheduled around...

Is the TDE certificate on that server?

"I don't understand."
"What don't you understand?"
"I don't understand."
"I don't understand."
"What don't you understand?"
"I don't understand."

Ok, if you don't want to help me to help you understand.

Checkpoint marks VLFs, virtual log files, as reusable, if and only if they are not needed for...

Multi-statement and scalar functions, yes. In-line table, no, as they're more like views.

I answered that.
Before I waste time answering it again, please specify what, exactly, in my answer you did not understand?

Internal counters. Exposed in the DMV sys.dm_db_stats_properties

.
I'll wait for the OP to post the results from the actual system (as I'm not interested in generics, I could have run it locally if I was)

I answered that in your other thread.

What, specifically, did you not understand in that statement?