Yes the process will need additional space - original index/table + the new one - new one can be build on tempdb or on the destination db itself.
Log file...

From your latest posts on the forum it looks like you are trying to learn to use sql server - as part of that learning process your most important task...

it may not be as easy as you would like.

It will all depend on how your packages are build, executed and where they are stored.

Storage
-...

Maybe you have already considered these but still worth mentioning.

http://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/SQL+Server+Data+Tools+(SSDT)/156986/
http://blogs.solidq.com/en/sqlserver/ssdt-how-to-solve-the-circular-references-issue/

but in any case its never straightforward.

if you change you call code to be

long lTimeStamp = d.getTime();
UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID()
sql.call("{call pCreate_TestRec(?,?,?)}", [uuid, 'test', lTimeStamp] );

does it work?

Try 

if object_id('tempdb..#t','U') is not null
drop table #t;

create table #t
(x int
);


e.g. remove the GO statement (that is probably what...

I had Snapshot and Transactional replication setup from a 2016 to a 2008 R2 without any issues for a short period. No issues with it.
2016 - both replication and...

Look to see if the SQL server instance user has IFI privilege - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/databases/database-instant-file-initialization?view=sql-server-2017 
and make sure that the log file has enough size to cope with the transaction -...

easiest way for you to find out is to test it yourself on a DEV instance.

you running that on your machine or on the server through cmdshell or sql server agent job? if on the server the files need to be on the server C:...