Back to basics

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Back to basics

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SQLDoubleG Hall of Fame Points: 3100 More actions · Answer 1

Danny Ocean (7/2/2013)

raulggonzalez (7/2/2013)

Danny Ocean (7/1/2013)Thanks raulggonzalez 🙂

You're welcome!

but please note that the script would give you correct results only when freq_interval = 8

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178644.aspx

Cheers

Louisa Whitton SSCrazy Points: 2577 More actions · Answer 2

JAZZ Master (7/2/2013)
martin.whitton (7/2/2013)
Danny Ocean (7/1/2013)
Good question. But i never feel to use "Bitwise AND" (&) in real working scenario. It will good, if anyone come with some real working example. 🙂
It provides a neat way of sending multiple options as a single integer parameter.
For example, let's say you have a table called "Locations" with 2 columns, LocationID and Location, containing the following values:
LocationID Location
1 London
2 Dublin
4 Paris
8 Berlin
16 New York
etc...
Then you could select any combination of Location values as follows:
declare @Selection int;
set @Selection=10; -- (this will select Dublin and Paris, because Dublin's LocationID plus Paris's LocationID equals 10)
select
Location
from
Locations
where
LocationId & @Selection>0;
I'm confused. Doesn't 2 (Dublin) and 8 (Berlin) equal 10 not 2 (Dublin) and 4 (Paris)? What am I missing?

Sorry :blush:

You're absolutely right - I should have said Dublin and Berlin.

Revenant SSC-Forever Points: 42467 More actions · Answer 3

Patibandla (7/2/2013)
What if i define @s-2 as BIGINT
Can you give me a real time scenario as in this operator would be useful. i am just a bit curious as i have never used used it.

If you check out the Books Online entry for the sysschedules table (2012),

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178644.aspx

you’ll notice the following statement:

freq_interval is one or more of the following:

1 = Sunday

2 = Monday

4 = Tuesday

8 = Wednesday

16 = Thursday

32 = Friday

64 = Saturday

It means that if my job is to run on Tuesday and Saturday, the value will be 68. On Tuesday you would test it with a mask 4, on Saturday with 64. Test on say Wednesday (mask 8) will result in zero, meaning "don't run."

Revenant SSC-Forever Points: 42467 More actions · Answer 4

L' Eomot Inversé (7/2/2013)
Good question, genuinely back to basics, but as your int value was 32767 wouldn't 32512 have been a better distractor than 65280?

Yes, it probably would. 🙂

Julie Hall of Fame Points: 3292 More actions · Answer 5

martin.whitton (7/2/2013)
JAZZ Master (7/2/2013)
martin.whitton (7/2/2013)
Danny Ocean (7/1/2013)
Good question. But i never feel to use "Bitwise AND" (&) in real working scenario. It will good, if anyone come with some real working example. 🙂
It provides a neat way of sending multiple options as a single integer parameter.
For example, let's say you have a table called "Locations" with 2 columns, LocationID and Location, containing the following values:
I'm confused. Doesn't 2 (Dublin) and 8 (Berlin) equal 10 not 2 (Dublin) and 4 (Paris)? What am I missing?
Sorry :blush:
You're absolutely right - I should have said Dublin and Berlin.

Oh good. I was beginning to think I did not understand bitwise AND at all!

john.arnott SSChampion Points: 11882 More actions · Answer 6

Here's another example of using the AND (&) operator to query an integer being used as a bit-map. You may have a set of integers, each representing the calendar for a month. You can set bits in each to indicate certain days, perhaps weekends and holidays. For this month, July 2013, here in the U.S. we would set the bits for the four weekends and for the holiday on the fourth of July. Then, we can use the & operator to query whether a particular date in the month is not a business day:

declare @monthCalendar int

set @monthCalendar = power(2,4) -- set bits for the holiday and the four weekends

+ power(2,6)

+ power(2,7)

+ power(2,13)

+ power(2,14)

+ power(2,20)

+ power(2,21)

+ power(2,27)

+ power(2,28)

declare @dateInMonth int

set @dateInMonth = 4 -- check this date in the month

declare @dateBitValue int

set @dateBitValue = power(2,@dateInMonth)

Select @monthCalendar as MonthCalendar -- this integer may have been stored in your db somewhere

,Case when @monthCalendar & @dateBitValue > 0 then 'Yes' Else 'No' end as DateIsSelected

Bangla Hall of Fame Points: 3137 More actions · Answer 7

Bangla

Hall of Fame

Points: 3137

July 2, 2013 at 10:20 pm

#1629354

Nice question and discussion.....

wbc2 SSCommitted Points: 1765 More actions · Answer 8

I use this methodology to establish a system of Rights for Users in applications. Using BIGINT you can have a total of 63 different individual Rights assigned to a User all contained in a single BIGINT column value. Very compact and very fast for retrieval and using masks for determining if the User has a specific right or not.

Bill

vliet SSCommitted Points: 1998 More actions · Answer 9

In SQL you have several options to associate a set with a row for a multi-valued attribute of an entity. The most obvious solution is a separate table that stores a foreign key to the original row along with a single (reference to a) value of the attribute in each row. You can add an XML column and store several attribute values inside it (even for different attributes) but storing and retrieving their value introduces some overhead and additional complexity to your queries. If the number of values for a single row is rather limited, a numbered column collection is also an option ([TelNr_1], [TelNr_2], [TelNr_3], ...) though I would personally never recommend this solution. If the total number of possible values is very limited you might use a bitmap where each bit represents a value and that bit is set if the multi-valued attribute contains that value. A separate table should map the individual bits to the actual values.

If you can live with the limitations of a bitmap (no foreign key and at most 64 values) it will save some storage but more important it allows you to do all kinds of set operations using simple bitwise operations. Checking wether the intersection of two sets is not empty requires no more than a bitwise and and a comparison. A bitwise or creates the union of two sets, an exclusive or the symmetric difference and an and with a not the difference. Allowing fast set operations makes these bitmaps extremely useful in authorization schemes. You should add the bitmap to your tool belt but use it with care, because it obscures the actual relations between tables and might cause serious trouble as soon as the number of possible values (roles for example) suddenly grows above that magic limit of 64.

Although there is no physical relation between the table with the bitmap attribute and the table that maps the individual bits (guarded by a foreign key), a logical relation between these tables does exist. Fortunately SQL Server allows us to define any join predicate we like, so instead of an eqi-join we may use a bitwise and as well: [OriginalTable] INNER JOIN [ValueTable] ON ([OriginalTable].[Bitmap] & [ValueTable].[IndividualBit]) <> 0. A subquery with a FOR XML clause and a few REPLACEs around it can turn your bitmap into a human-readable comma-separated list of attribute values.

PHYData DBA SSCertifiable Points: 7541 More actions · Answer 10

Wow... One thing about Bitwise operaters is certain.

It is easy to read these posts and know who understands them completely and who is lost.

This would make for a great Article... Especialy the is BIGINT supported part....

Hrmmmmm :smooooth:

sergiu0303 SSC Veteran Points: 280 More actions · Answer 11

I think that the best example here is @@OPTIONS.You do need the Bitwise AND operator if you're using it.

Revenant SSC-Forever Points: 42467 More actions · Answer 12

PHYData DBA (7/3/2013)
Wow... One thing about Bitwise operaters is certain.
It is easy to read these posts and know who understands them completely and who is lost.
This would make for a great Article... Especialy the is BIGINT supported part....
Hrmmmmm :smooooth:

I wrote this QotD when I found that one of the members of my team did not understand that you could do AND on operands of a different length. I thought that the SQLServerCentral audience could benefit, and I hope we all did.

😉

sqlnaive SSCoach Points: 17437 More actions · Answer 13

sqlnaive

SSCoach

Points: 17437

July 9, 2013 at 3:29 am

#1630700

It was a good basic question. 🙂

SQLRNNR SSC Guru Points: 281334 More actions · Answer 14

raulggonzalez (7/2/2013)
Danny Ocean (7/1/2013)
Good question. But i never feel to use "Bitwise AND" (&) in real working scenario. It will good, if anyone come with some real working example. 🙂
Hi, another example where BIT comparison is useful, msdb..sysschedules keeps the freq_interval in bitwise value 🙂
use [msdb]
go
create table #DaysOfWeekBitWise(
[bitValue] [tinyint] NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
[name] [varchar](10) NULL,
)
go
insert into #DaysOfWeekBitWise ([bitValue], [name])
values (1, N'Sunday')
, (2, N'Monday')
, (4, N'Tuesday')
, (8, N'Wednesday')
, (16, N'Thursday')
, (32, N'Friday')
, (64, N'Saturday')
go
select j.name
, case when j.enabled = 1 then 'Yes' else 'No' end as enabled
, jsch.next_run_date
, jsch.next_run_time
--, jst.*
, s.freq_interval
, ISNULL( STUFF( (SELECT N', ' + name FROM #DaysOfWeekBitWise AS B WHERE B.bitValue & s.freq_interval = B.bitValue FOR XML PATH('') ), 1, 2, '' ), 'None' ) AS backup_schedule
from msdb.dbo.sysjobs as j
left join msdb.dbo.sysjobschedules as jsch
on jsch.job_id = j.job_id
left join msdb.dbo.sysschedules as s
on s.schedule_id = jsch.schedule_id
order by j.name
go
drop table #DaysOfWeekBitWise
go
Cheers

Another good example is with Reporting Services and Subscriptions

Jason...AKA CirqueDeSQLeil
_______________________________________________
I have given a name to my pain...MCM SQL Server, MVP
SQL RNNR
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