Hi Gail,
I ran the DBCC CHECKDB this morning and it came back completely clean. I restarted the server (had to use WITH NOWAIT as the checkpoint was still throwing an error) and when it came back up, everything seems to be okay. The data is all there and the database was accessible almost immediately, as if the checkpoint had been set successfully before shutdown.
Still baffled by what happened but at least the server appears to be well again - will be keeping a close eye on it though.
Thanks for your help.
Simon