I think this is the most complete etymological explanation:
That kind of table comes from the Latin tabula meaning "a board or plank" which was used for writing down columns of numbers
That page has a link to this page, which has further detail:
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=table&searchmode=none
Both the French and Germanic words are from Latin tabula "a board, plank; writing table; list, schedule; picture, painted panel," originally "small flat slab or piece" usually for inscriptions or for games (source also of Spanish tabla, Italian tavola), of uncertain origin, related to Umbrian tafle "on the board."
Basically, it seems like boards and planks were sometimes used to record lists or other data, and eventually that idea stuck in the derived name.
I hope this helps.
Great question, by the way!
- webrunner
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A SQL query walks into a bar and sees two tables. He walks up to them and asks, "Can I join you?"
Ref.: http://tkyte.blogspot.com/2009/02/sql-joke.html