Sure you can: My AD account does not have a Windows SQL Login, but I am a member of a group that does.

SELECT SUSER_NAME(); returns me (not the group).

go

-- '<domain>\<username>' does not have an SQL login, they are a member of an AD group having a Windows login to SQL Server.

execute as login = '<domain>\<username>';

SELECT SUSER_NAME(); <-- returns <domain>\<username>

revert

SELECT SUSER_NAME(); <-- back to me.