Using the sample data provided, a simple calculation rCTE works fine with both positive and negative numbers.
DECLARE @AmountToAllocate INT = 21
;WITH Calculator AS (
SELECT
BucketID, TotalSize, Amount,
AmountLeftToAllocate = CASE
WHEN @AmountToAllocate > (TotalSize - Amount) THEN @AmountToAllocate - (TotalSize - Amount)
WHEN @AmountToAllocate < 0 AND ABS(@AmountToAllocate) > Amount THEN Amount + @AmountToAllocate
ELSE 0 END,
NewAmount = CASE
WHEN @AmountToAllocate > (TotalSize - Amount) THEN TotalSize
WHEN @AmountToAllocate < 0 AND ABS(@AmountToAllocate) > Amount THEN 0
ELSE Amount + @AmountToAllocate END
FROM dbo.Buckets
WHERE BucketID = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT
tr.BucketID, tr.TotalSize, tr.Amount,
AmountLeftToAllocate = CASE
WHEN lr.AmountLeftToAllocate > (tr.TotalSize - tr.Amount) THEN lr.AmountLeftToAllocate - (tr.TotalSize - tr.Amount)
WHEN lr.AmountLeftToAllocate < 0 AND ABS(lr.AmountLeftToAllocate) > tr.Amount THEN tr.Amount + lr.AmountLeftToAllocate
ELSE 0 END,
NewAmount = CASE
WHEN lr.AmountLeftToAllocate > (tr.TotalSize - tr.Amount) THEN tr.TotalSize
WHEN lr.AmountLeftToAllocate < 0 AND ABS(lr.AmountLeftToAllocate) > tr.Amount THEN 0
ELSE tr.Amount + lr.AmountLeftToAllocate END
FROM dbo.Buckets tr
INNER JOIN Calculator lr ON lr.BucketID + 1 = tr.BucketID
)
SELECT
BucketID,
TotalSize,
Amount = NewAmount,
OldAmount = Amount
FROM Calculator
For fast, accurate and documented assistance in answering your questions, please read this article.
Understanding and using APPLY, (I) and (II) Paul White
Hidden RBAR: Triangular Joins / The "Numbers" or "Tally" Table: What it is and how it replaces a loop Jeff Moden