As the others have said, nothing like Translate exists is SQL Server. You'll have to write inline code to do it, or use a UDF such as the following:

-- TRANSLATE(detail.description,'\/&*?+#;<>",','~~~~~~~~~~~~')

-- SELECT dbo.fnTranslate('This/\ is&*?a t+e#s;t', '\/&*?+#;<>",','~~~~~~~~~~~~' )

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnTranslate

(

  @sourceString varchar(8000),

  @searchMap varchar(8000),

  @replacementMap varchar(8000)

)

RETURNS varchar(8000)

AS

BEGIN

DECLARE @cPos int, @maxCPos int

SET @maxCPos = Len(@searchMap)

SET @cPos = 1

WHILE @cpos <= @maxCPos

BEGIN

  SET @sourceString = Replace(@sourceString, SubString(@searchMap, @cpos, 1), SubString(@replacementMap, @cpos, 1))

  SET @cPos = @cPos + 1

END

RETURN @sourceString

END