After reviewing raiserror some more, I do not think it is what I need here. I simply need to trap the error that is being thrown when the insert kicks out any records. I modified the code and I still am getting nothing in the catch statement.
BULK INSERT
Sandbox_RTurner.dbo.TEMP_PEND_CLAIM_LINE_RT
FROM
'E:\Decision Support\RTurner\temp_pend_claim_line_text.txt'
WITH
(
FIELDTERMINATOR = ',',
TABLOCK
,ERRORFILE = 'E:\Decision Support\RTurner\PEND_CLAIM_LINE_RT'
)
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
SELECT error_message(),
error_severity(),
error_state(),
error_number(),
error_procedure(),
error_line()
END CATCH;