You could create a table valued function, which stores the values in a resultset.
Temp tables wont be stored in here, but its almost the same...
Sample Code:
CREATE FUNCTION YourFunctionName (@VariablesYouNeedHere )
RETURNS @RESULT_SET TABLE (YourFieldNamesAndTypesHere)
AS
BEGIN
Insert into @RESULT_SET
Select YourFieldNames
from tablex
where fieldy = @VariablesYouPassed
RETURN
END