General concepts
There are no devices and segments in SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000,
as in SQL Server 6.5. Now databases reside on operating-system files.
There are three types of such files:
- primary
- secondary
- log
Each database consists of at least two files: one is a primary data
file (by default, with the .mdf extension), the other is log file
(by default, with the .ldf extension). There are also secondary data
files (by default, with the .ndf extension). A database can have only
one primary data file, zero or more secondary data files, and one or
more log files. Each database file can be used by only one database.
So there is no such situation (as in SQL Server 6.5 was) in which you
can create some databases with their logs on the same device (on the
same file with the .dat extension).
The database files are combined into filegroups. Each data file can be
a member of only one filegroup, but the log files cannot be members
of any filegroups. In other words, log files are managed separately
from one another. There are three types of filegroups:
- primary
- user-defined
- default
Each database can have only one primary filegroup, only one default
filegroup, and zero or more user-defined filegroups. If you don't
specify user-defined filegroups, your database will contain only
one primary filegroup, which will also be the default filegroup. The
primary filegroup contains the primary data file with all system
objects in it (system tables, system stored procedures, extended
stored procedures and so on). You cannot remove system objects from
the primary filegroup, but you can create user objects in the
user-defined filegroups for allocation, performance, and administration
purposes. To create user-defined filegroup, you should use a
CREATE DATABASE or ALTER DATABASE statement with the FILEGROUP keyword.
The default filegroup is the filegroup, where all the new user
objects will be created. You can change the default filegroup
by using ALTER DATABASE statement with the DEFAULT keyword.
SQL Server database files can be configured to grow and shrink
automatically, reducing the need for database management and
eliminating many problems that occur when logs or databases run
out of space. The autogrow feature is set by default; the autoshrink
feature is set by default only for the Desktop Edition of
SQL Server 7.0. When you create a database, you must set an initial
size for the data and log files. If you want to set database files
to grow automatically, you should also specify the autogrow increment
in megabytes, kilobytes, gigabytes, terabytes, or percent. The default
is MB. You can also specify a maximum file size to prevent disk drives
from running out of space.
Optimization tips
- Set a reasonable size for your database.
First of all, before database creation, you should estimate how large
your database will be.
To estimate the reasonable database size, you should first estimate
the size of each table individually, and then add the values obtained.
See this link for more information:
- Set a reasonable size for your transaction log.
The general rule of thumb for setting the transaction log size is
to set it to 20-25 percent of the database size. The smaller the size
of your database, the greater the size of the transaction log
should be, and vice versa. For example, if the estimated database
size is equal to 10Mb, you should set the size of the transaction log
to 4-5Mb, but if the estimated database size is over 500Mb,
then 50Mb can be enough for the size of the transaction log.
- Leave the autogrow feature on for the data files and for the log files.
Leave this feature to let SQL Server increase allocated resources
when necessary without DBA intervention. The Autogrow feature is
necessary when there is no DBA in your firm, or your DBA has limited
experience.
- Set a reasonable size for the Autogrow increment.
Automatically growing does result in some performance degradation,
therefore you should set a reasonable size for the autogrow increment
to avoid automatic growing too often. Try to set the initial size
of the database and the size of the autogrow increment so that
automatic growing will only arise at most once per week.
- Don't set the autoshrink feature.
Autoshrinking results in some performance degradation, therefore you
should shrink the database manually or create the schedule task
to shrink database periodically during off-peak times, rather than
setting the autoshrink feature.
- Set the maximum size of the data and log files.
Specify the maximum size for which the files can grow in order to
prevent disk drives from running out of space.
- Create a user-defined filegroup and make it the default filegroup.
In general, it's a good decision to store and manage system and
user objects separately from one another. This is so that the user
objects will not compete with system objects for space in the primary
filegroup. Usually a user-defined filegroup is not created for the
small database if, for example, your database is less than 100Mb.
- Create a user-defined filegroup and create some tables in it to run
maintenance tasks (backups, DBCC, update statistics, and so on)
against these tables.
LOAD TABLE and DUMP TABLE are no longer supported in SQL Server 7.0
(and higher), but you can place a table in its own filegroup and can
backup and restore only this table. This will allow you to group user
objects with similar maintenance requirements into the same filegroup.
- If you have several physical disks, try to create as many files
per filegroup as there are physical disks, and put one file
per disk.
This will improve performance, because when table is accessed
sequentially, a separate thread is created for each file to read
the table's data in parallel.
- Don't create many data and log files on the same physical disk.
Leaving the autogrow feature on for the data and for the log files
can cause fragmentation of those files if there are many files
on the same physical disk.
In most cases, it's enough to have 1-2 database files on the same
physical disk.
- For a heavily accessed table, place this table in one filegroup and
place the table's indexes in a different filegroup on different
physical disks.
This will improve performance, because separate threads will be
created for the table's and index's data in parallel.
- For a heavily accessed table with text/image columns, place this
table in one filegroup and place text/image columns in a different
filegroup on different physical disks.
You can use a CREATE TABLE statement with TEXTIMAGE_ON keyword to
place text/image columns in a different filegroup.
See SQL BOL for details.
- Place the log files on different physical disk(s) than data files.
Because logging is more write-intensive, it's important that
the disks containing SQL Server log files have sufficient
disk I/O performance.
- If one of the join queries is used most often, place the tables
used in this query in different filegroups on different
physical disks.
- If you have read-only tables, place these tables in different
filegroups on different physical disks and use ALTER DATABASE
statements to make just these filegroups READ ONLY.
This not only increases read performance, but it prevents any
data changes and allows you to control permissions to this data.
- Use Windows NT Performance Monitor to determine the appropriate
number of the data and log files by checking the Disk Queue Length
counter.
The more database files and filegroups, the more difficult
administering this database will be. Consider reducing the number
of files if Disk Queue length is above 3, and continue monitoring.
Literature
- SQL Server Books Online.
- Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Performance Tuning Guide
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/techart/msdn_sql7perftune.htm
- Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Storage Engine
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/backgrnd/html/msdn_sqlstore.htm
- Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 Storage Engine Capacity Planning Tips
