Technical Article

Security Queries: Database-level

,

This script contains various queries I have written on the subject of security as it applies to a specific database. It's arranged so I can either (A) run one query I need alone or (B) run the whole thing as a batch to dump out everything at once.

Option B might not seem useful at first (information overload!), but consider that if your output in SSMS is set to "Results to Text", this will allow you to quickly copy off a single text file that contains everything you might want to know about that database's security at a point in time. Furthermore, the queries are carefully structured and ordered to be consistent. This makes two of these text files easy to compare with a standard compare/diff/merge application (e.g. WinMerge, Beyond Compare).

Included queries:

  • Database roles
  • Database users
  • Database role membership
  • Database role and user permissions
  • Database-level SQL/Assembly module EXECUTE AS
  • Schema ownership
  • Individual ownership of database objects if not owned by schema
  • Database users linked to server login
  • Database users that were linked to server login, but are not anymore

The last query is a re-write of the 'report' mode of sp_change_users_login.

Please also see related script Security Queries: Server-level.

/* 
 * Security Queries: Database-level
 * Released on 2013-10-24 by Greg Drake 
 * Compatible with SQL Server 2005+
 * 
 * This set of queries attempts to gather as much security-related information on a single database as possible.
 * How to use this script to compare multiple servers or environments...
 *     (1) Set "Results to text"
 *     (2) Execute the entire script as a single batch.
 *     (3) Save results in text files 
 *     (4) Use any common text file comparison/merge application (e.g. WinMerge, Beyond Compare)
 * Note that many result sets have columns commented out to make comparison easier. These columns (mostly dates) will always be different and generally aren't that useful.
 */

-- Runtime context
PRINT 'Executed by ' + quotename(suser_sname()) + ' on server ' + quotename(@@servername) + ' and database ' + quotename(db_name()) + ' at ' + convert(varchar(50), getdate(), 120) + '.' + (char(13) + char(10)) + (char(13) + char(10))


PRINT 'DATABASE ROLES'
SELECT
'role_name' = sdp_r.[name]
--,sdp_r.create_date
--,sdp_r.modify_date
,'owning_principal' = sdp_o.[name]
,sdp_r.is_fixed_role
FROM
sys.database_principals sdp_r
LEFT OUTER JOIN
sys.database_principals sdp_o ON (sdp_r.owning_principal_id = sdp_o.principal_id)
WHERE
sdp_r.[type] = 'R'
ORDER BY
sdp_r.[name]


PRINT 'DATABASE USERS'
SELECT
'user_name' = sdp_u.[name]
,sdp_u.type_desc
,sdp_u.default_schema_name
--,sdp_u.create_date
--,sdp_u.modify_date
,'owning_principal' = 'dbo'
FROM
sys.database_principals sdp_u
WHERE
sdp_u.[type] <> 'R'
ORDER BY
sdp_u.[name]


PRINT 'DATABASE ROLE MEMBERSHIP'
SELECT
'role_name'    = sdp_r.[name]
,'member_type' = isnull(sdp_u.type_desc, N'<NO MEMBERS>')
,'member_name' = isnull(sdp_u.[name], N'')
FROM
sys.database_principals sdp_r
LEFT OUTER JOIN
(
sys.database_role_members sdrm
INNER JOIN
sys.database_principals sdp_u ON (sdrm.member_principal_id = sdp_u.principal_id)
) ON (sdp_r.principal_id = sdrm.role_principal_id)
WHERE
-- A role can be a member of another role, so this query is general in terms of the member
sdp_r.[type] = 'R'
ORDER BY
sdp_r.[name]
,sdp_u.type_desc
,sdp_u.[name]


PRINT 'DATABASE ROLE AND USER PERMISSIONS'
SELECT
'principal_type'   = sdp_ru.type_desc
,'principal_name'  = sdp_ru.name
,'class'           = isnull(sdper.class_desc, N'<NO_SECURABLES>')
,'object_type'     = CASE
WHEN (sdper.class = 1) THEN lookup_sao.type_desc
WHEN (sdper.class = 4) THEN lookup_sdp.type_desc
ELSE N''
END
,'object_name'     = isnull(CASE
WHEN (sdper.class =  0) /* Database               */ THEN db_name()
WHEN (sdper.class =  1) /* Object or Column       */ THEN (schema_name(lookup_sao.[schema_id]) + N'.' + lookup_sao.[name])
WHEN (sdper.class =  3) /* Schema                 */ THEN schema_name(sdper.major_id)
WHEN (sdper.class =  4) /* Database Principal     */ THEN lookup_sdp.[name]
--WHEN (sdper.class =  5) /* Assembly               */ THEN ???
WHEN (sdper.class =  6) /* Type                   */ THEN (SELECT (schema_name(lookup_st.[schema_id]) + N'.' + lookup_st.[name]) FROM sys.types lookup_st WHERE sdper.major_id = lookup_st.user_type_id)
--WHEN (sdper.class = 10) /* XML Schema Collection  */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 15) /* Message Type           */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 16) /* Service Contract       */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 17) /* Service                */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 18) /* Remote Service Binding */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 19) /* Route                  */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 23) /* Full-Text Catalog      */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 24) /* Symmetric Key          */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 25) /* Certificate            */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 26) /* Asymmetric Key         */ THEN ???
ELSE (N'<UNHANDLED_LOOKUP class=' + convert(nvarchar(20), sdper.class) + N', major_id=' + convert(nvarchar(20), sdper.major_id) + N', minor_id=' + convert(nvarchar(20), sdper.minor_id) + N'>')
END, N'')
,'permission_name' = isnull(sdper.permission_name, N'')
,'state'           = isnull(sdper.state_desc, N'')
--,'granted_by'      = (SELECT sdp2.[name] FROM sys.database_principals sdp2 WHERE sdp2.principal_id = sdper.grantor_principal_id)
FROM
sys.database_principals sdp_ru
LEFT OUTER JOIN
sys.database_permissions sdper ON (sdp_ru.principal_id = sdper.grantee_principal_id)
LEFT OUTER JOIN
sys.all_objects lookup_sao ON (sdper.major_id = lookup_sao.[object_id])
LEFT OUTER JOIN
sys.database_principals lookup_sdp ON (sdper.major_id = lookup_sdp.principal_id)
ORDER BY
sdp_ru.type_desc
,sdp_ru.name
,isnull(sdper.class_desc, N'<NO_SECURABLES>')
,CASE
WHEN (sdper.class = 1) THEN lookup_sao.type_desc
WHEN (sdper.class = 4) THEN lookup_sdp.type_desc
ELSE N''
END
,isnull(CASE
WHEN (sdper.class =  0) /* Database               */ THEN db_name()
WHEN (sdper.class =  1) /* Object or Column       */ THEN (schema_name(lookup_sao.[schema_id]) + N'.' + lookup_sao.[name])
WHEN (sdper.class =  3) /* Schema                 */ THEN schema_name(sdper.major_id)
WHEN (sdper.class =  4) /* Database Principal     */ THEN lookup_sdp.[name]
--WHEN (sdper.class =  5) /* Assembly               */ THEN ???
WHEN (sdper.class =  6) /* Type                   */ THEN (SELECT (schema_name(lookup_st.[schema_id]) + N'.' + lookup_st.[name]) FROM sys.types lookup_st WHERE sdper.major_id = lookup_st.user_type_id)
--WHEN (sdper.class = 10) /* XML Schema Collection  */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 15) /* Message Type           */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 16) /* Service Contract       */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 17) /* Service                */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 18) /* Remote Service Binding */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 19) /* Route                  */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 23) /* Full-Text Catalog      */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 24) /* Symmetric Key          */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 25) /* Certificate            */ THEN ???
--WHEN (sdper.class = 26) /* Asymmetric Key         */ THEN ???
ELSE (N'<UNHANDLED_LOOKUP class=' + convert(nvarchar(20), sdper.class) + N', major_id=' + convert(nvarchar(20), sdper.major_id) + N', minor_id=' + convert(nvarchar(20), sdper.minor_id) + N'>')
END, N'')
,isnull(sdper.permission_name, N'')
,isnull(sdper.state_desc, N'')


PRINT 'DATABASE-LEVEL SQL/ASSEMBLY MODULE EXECUTE AS'
-- TODO: Test assemblies in this query
SELECT
'object_type'                = coalesce(sao_sql.type_desc, sao_ass.type_desc)
,'object_name'               = schema_name(coalesce(sao_sql.[schema_id], sao_ass.[schema_id])) + N'.' + coalesce(sao_sql.[name], sao_ass.[name])
,'execute_as_principal_type' = CASE WHEN coalesce(sasm.execute_as_principal_id, sam.execute_as_principal_id) = -2 THEN N'OWNER' ELSE sdp.type_desc END
,'execute_as_principal'      = sdp.[name]
FROM
(
sys.all_objects sao_sql
INNER JOIN
sys.all_sql_modules sasm ON (sao_sql.[object_id] = sasm.[object_id])
)
FULL OUTER JOIN
(
sys.all_objects sao_ass
INNER JOIN
sys.assembly_modules sam ON (sao_ass.[object_id] = sam.[object_id])
) ON (sao_sql .[object_id] = sao_ass.[object_id])
LEFT OUTER JOIN
sys.database_principals sdp ON (coalesce(sasm.execute_as_principal_id, sam.execute_as_principal_id) = sdp.principal_id)
WHERE
sasm.execute_as_principal_id IS NOT NULL
OR sam.execute_as_principal_id IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY
coalesce(sao_sql.type_desc, sao_ass.type_desc)
,schema_name(coalesce(sao_sql.[schema_id], sao_ass.[schema_id])) + N'.' + coalesce(sao_sql.[name], sao_ass.[name])
,CASE WHEN coalesce(sasm.execute_as_principal_id, sam.execute_as_principal_id) = -2 THEN N'OWNER' ELSE sdp.type_desc END
,sdp.[name]


PRINT 'SCHEMA OWNERSHIP'
SELECT
'schema'      = ss.[name]
,'owner_type' = sdp.type_desc
,'owner_name' = sdp.[name]
FROM
sys.schemas ss
LEFT OUTER JOIN
sys.database_principals sdp ON (ss.principal_id = sdp.principal_id)
ORDER BY
ss.[name]
,sdp.type_desc
,sdp.[name]


PRINT 'INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP OF DATABASE OBJECTS IF NOT OWNED BY SCHEMA'
SELECT
owner_type
,owner_name
,object_type
,[object_name]
FROM
(
(
SELECT
'owner_type'   = sdp.type_desc
,'owner_name'  = sdp.name
,'object_type' = sao.type_desc
,'object_name' = schema_name(sao.[schema_id]) + N'.' + sao.[name]
FROM
sys.all_objects sao
INNER JOIN
sys.database_principals sdp ON (sao.principal_id = sdp.principal_id)
)
UNION ALL
(
SELECT
'owner_type'   = sdp.type_desc
,'owner_name'  = sdp.name
,'object_type' = N'DATA_TYPE'
,'object_name' = schema_name(st.[schema_id]) + N'.' + st.[name]
FROM
sys.types st
INNER JOIN
sys.database_principals sdp ON (st.principal_id = sdp.principal_id)
)
) derived
ORDER BY
owner_type
,owner_name
,object_type
,[object_name]


PRINT 'DATABASE USERS LINKED TO SERVER LOGIN'
-- Note that some server logins give access to all databases without showing up here. An example would be members of the sysadmin group.
SELECT
'db_user_type_desc'      = sdp.type_desc
,'db_user_name'          = sdp.[name]
,'svr_login_type_desc'   = ssp.type_desc
,'svr_login_name'        = ssp.[name]
,'svr_login_is_disabled' = ssp.is_disabled
FROM
sys.database_principals sdp
INNER JOIN
sys.server_principals ssp ON (sdp.[sid] = ssp.[sid])
ORDER BY
sdp.type_desc
,sdp.[name]
,ssp.type_desc
,ssp.[name]
,ssp.is_disabled


PRINT 'DATABASE USERS THAT WERE LINKED TO DATABASE LOGIN, BUT ARE NOT ANYMORE'
SELECT
'db_user_type_desc'      = sdp.type_desc
,'db_user_name'          = sdp.[name]
FROM
sys.database_principals sdp
WHERE
sdp.[type] = 'S'
AND sdp.[sid] IS NOT NULL
AND sdp.[sid] <> 0x0
AND len(sdp.[sid]) <= 16
AND suser_sname(sdp.[sid]) IS NULL
ORDER BY
sdp.type_desc
,sdp.[name]

IF (@@rowcount > 0)
PRINT 'NOTE: For information about unlinked users, review online documention for ''sp_change_users_login''.' + (char(13) + char(10))

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