Get yourself a copy of SQL Server 2008 Internals by Kalen Delaney, there's an entire chapter on how CheckDB works.
Gail Shaw
Microsoft Certified Master: SQL Server, MVP, M.Sc (Comp Sci)
SQL In The Wild: Discussions on DB performance with occasional diversions into recoverability
We walk in the dark places no others will enter
We stand on the bridge and no one may pass