It looks like I ran out of memory while applying the SP (!), so setup assumed there was an actual problem with the server configuration;
I have restarted the server and will try again:
See section taken from the Detail.txt file in C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\100\Setup Bootstrap\Log\20101006_145133:
…
2:09 Slp: Initializing rule : Not clustered or the cluster service is up and online.
2010-10-06 14:52:09 Slp: Rule applied features : ALL
2010-10-06 14:52:09 Slp: Rule is will be executed : True
2010-10-06 14:52:09 Slp: Init rule target object: Microsoft.SqlServer.Configuration.Cluster.Rules.ClusterServiceFacet
2010-10-06 15:00:32 Slp: Out of memory
2010-10-06 15:00:32 Slp: at System.Management.ManagementException.ThrowWithExtendedInfo(ManagementStatus errorCode)
at System.Management.ManagementObjectCollection.ManagementObjectEnumerator.MoveNext()
at Microsoft.SqlServer.Configuration.Cluster.Rules.ClusterServiceFacet.Microsoft.SqlServer.Configuration.RulesEngineExtension.IRuleInitialize.Init(String ruleId)
at Microsoft.SqlServer.Configuration.RulesEngineExtension.RulesEngine.Execute(Boolean stopOnFailure)
2010-10-06 15:00:32 Slp: Rule initialization failed - hence the rule result is assigned as Failed
2010-10-06 15:00:32 Slp: Send result to channel : RulesEngineNotificationChannel
…
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