• Or better still:

    UPDATE a SET Avg1WkVol = (SELECT AVG(Volume) from Test_HistoricalData b where b.Symbol = a.Symbol AND b.MarketDate a.MarketDate-8)

    FROM Test_HistoricalData a

    Although the previous version is much easier to disassemble for testing.

    “Write the query the simplest way. If through testing it becomes clear that the performance is inadequate, consider alternative query forms.” - Gail Shaw

    For fast, accurate and documented assistance in answering your questions, please read this article.
    Understanding and using APPLY, (I) and (II) Paul White
    Hidden RBAR: Triangular Joins / The "Numbers" or "Tally" Table: What it is and how it replaces a loop Jeff Moden