If you are happy to exclude index performance benefits or doing a like comparison you can create a computed column of the concatenation of other columns and then search the computed column.
ALTER TABLE phonebook ADD
phoneall AS ',' + isnull(phone1, '') + ',' +
isnull(phone2, '') + ',' +
isnull(workphone, '') + ',' +
isnull(cellphone, '') + ','
SELECT
*
FROM
phonebook
WHERE
phoneall like '%,234-5678,%'