• I know that this is an old question bumped back up to the front of the line but I agree that it's an important one. 

    My two cents. With respect to the "mathematics concepts" I'd say to start with 
    Set Theory and The Relational Model.

    "I cant stress enough the importance of switching from a sequential files mindset to set-based thinking. After you make the switch, you can spend your time tuning and optimizing your queries instead of maintaining lengthy, poor-performing code."

    -- Itzik Ben-Gan 2001