You're 100% correct---and this behavior appears to be undocumented on MSDN. Attempting to run a query with this analytic function results in:

Msg 10762, Level 15, State 1, Line 4

The PERCENTILE_CONT function is not allowed in the current compatibility mode. It is only allowed in 110 mode or higher.

The following analytic functions work normally under 100 compatibility mode in SQL Server 2012:

CUME_DIST

FIRST_VALUE

LEAD

LAG

LAST_VALUE

PERCENT_RANK

The following functions are unavailable below compatibility mode 110:

PERCENTILE_CONT

PERCENTILE_DISC

Further research shows no documentation anywhere regarding these functions and compatibility modes. I was able to easily reproduce (and fix) by taking a test database and switching between compatibility modes.

I'll send a note to Microsoft advising them to update their documentation regarding both of these functions.