• What I said is a general guidline and is true, yes with a ever increasing key the inserts does not cause the fragmentation but generally speaking beacuse most of the times there is no trend in inserting the key values the more the inserts the more page splits and fragmentation . And about the update I don't know what you think of a index key update but it' effects on page splits and fragmentation is the same as another insert.

    Pooyan